Sigismund I the Old

Sigismund I the Old
King of Poland
Reign 1506 - 1548
Coronation 24 January 1507 in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków
Predecessor Alexander Jagiellon
Successor Sigismund II Augustus
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Reign 1506 - 1548
Coronation 24 January 1507 in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków
Predecessor Alexander Jagiellon
Successor Sigismund II Augustus
Spouses Barbara Zápolya
Bona Sforza
Issue
Hedwig, Electress of Bradenburg
Isabella, Queen of Hungary
Sigismund II Augustus
Sophia, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Anna I of Poland
Catherine, Queen of Sweden
Dynasty Jagiellon
Gediminid
Father Casimir IV of Poland
Mother Elisabeth of Austria
Born 1 January 1467(1467-01-01)
Kozienice, Poland
Died 1 April 1548(1548-04-01) (aged 81)
Kraków, Poland
Burial 7 July 1548
Wawel Cathedral, Kraków
Signature

Sigismund I of Poland (Polish: Zygmunt I Stary; Lithuanian: Žygimantas II Senasis) (1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548), of the Jagiellon dynasty, reigned as King of Poland and also as the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until 1548. Earlier, Sigismund had been invested as Duke of Silesia.

Contents

Biography

The son of King Casimir IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria, Sigismund followed his brothers John I of Poland and Alexander I of Poland to the Polish throne. Their elder brother Ladislaus II of Hungary and Bohemia became king of Hungary and Bohemia. Sigismund was christened as the namesake of his mother's maternal grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, who had died in 1437.

Sigismund faced the challenge of consolidating internal power in order to face external threats to the country. During Alexander's reign, the law Nihil novi had been instituted, which forbade Kings of Poland from enacting laws without the consent of the Sejm. This proved crippling to Sigismund's dealings with the szlachta and magnates.

Despite this Achilles heel, he established (1527) a conscription army and the bureaucracy needed to finance it.

After the death of Janusz III of Masovia in 1526, he succeeded in annexing the Duchy of Masovia.

Intermittently at war with Vasily III of Muscovy, starting in 1507 (before his army was fully under his command), 1514 marked the fall of Smolensk (under Lithuanian domination) to the Muscovite forces (which lent force to his arguments for the necessity of a standing army). Those conflicts formed part of the Muscovite wars. 1515 he entered an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I.

In return for Maximilian lending weight to the provisions of the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Sigismund consented to the marriage of the children of Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary, his brother, to the grandchildren of Maximilian. Through this double marriage contract, Bohemia and Hungary passed to the House of Habsburg in 1526, on the death of Sigismund's nephew, Louis II.

Worried about the growing ties between the Habsburgs and Russia, in 1524 Sigismund signed a Franco-Polish alliance with king Francis I of France.[1] The agreement fell through however when Francis I was vanquished by Charles V at the Battle of Pavia in 1525.[2]

The Polish wars against the Teutonic Knights ended in 1525, when Albert, Duke of Prussia, their marshal (and Sigismund's nephew), converted to Lutheranism, secularized the order, and paid homage to Sigismund. In return, he was given the domains of the Order, as the First Duke of Prussia. This was called the Prussian Homage.

Sigismund's eldest daughter Hedwig (1513–1573) married Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg.

In other matters of policy, Sigismund sought peaceful coexistence with the Khanate of Crimea, but was unable to completely end border skirmishes. Sigismund was interested in Renaissance humanism and the revival of classical antiquity. He and his third consort, Bona Sforza, daughter of Gian Galeazzo Sforza of Milan, were both patrons of Renaissance culture, which under them began to flourish in Poland and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

On Sigismund's death, his son Sigismund II August became the last Jagiellon king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Sigismund I was a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

Marriages and issue

In 1512, Sigismund married a Hungarian noblewoman named Barbara Zápolya, with whom he had two daughters:

Barbara died in 1515.

In 1517, Sigismund married Bona Sforza, with whom he had:

By his mistress, Katarzyna Telniczenka (d.1528), he also fathered three children out of wedlock:[3]

Ancestry

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Cambridge History of Poland by Oskar Halecki p.309
  2. ^ The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571) by Kenneth M. Setton p.312
  3. ^ Genealogy.eu, Miroslav Marek, Poland and Lithuania, Jagelon Family
Preceded by
Alexander		 Grand Duke of Lithuania
1506–1548		 Succeeded by
Sigismund II Augustus
King of Poland
1506–1548
Early Grand Dukes
Gediminids
Elected
Legendary and semi-legendary
Piast
Fragmentation period
(Supreme Princes)
Přemyslid
Piast
Capet-Anjou
Jagiellon
Elected
Romanov